349 research outputs found
Two-tape finite automata with quantum and classical states
{\it Two-way finite automata with quantum and classical states} (2QCFA) were
introduced by Ambainis and Watrous, and {\it two-way two-tape deterministic
finite automata} (2TFA) were introduced by Rabin and Scott. In this paper we
study 2TFA and propose a new computing model called {\it two-way two-tape
finite automata with quantum and classical states} (2TQCFA). First, we give
efficient 2TFA algorithms for recognizing languages which can be recognized by
2QCFA. Second, we give efficient 2TQCFA algorithms to recognize several
languages whose status vis-a-vis 2QCFA have been posed as open questions, such
as . Third, we show that
can be recognized by {\it -tape
deterministic finite automata} (TFA). Finally, we introduce {\it
-tape automata with quantum and classical states} (TQCFA) and prove that
can be recognized by TQCFA.Comment: 25 page
Diagnosability of Fuzzy Discrete Event Systems
In order to more effectively cope with the real-world problems of vagueness,
{\it fuzzy discrete event systems} (FDESs) were proposed recently, and the
supervisory control theory of FDESs was developed. In view of the importance of
failure diagnosis, in this paper, we present an approach of the failure
diagnosis in the framework of FDESs. More specifically: (1) We formalize the
definition of diagnosability for FDESs, in which the observable set and failure
set of events are {\it fuzzy}, that is, each event has certain degree to be
observable and unobservable, and, also, each event may possess different
possibility of failure occurring. (2) Through the construction of
observability-based diagnosers of FDESs, we investigate its some basic
properties. In particular, we present a necessary and sufficient condition for
diagnosability of FDESs. (3) Some examples serving to illuminate the
applications of the diagnosability of FDESs are described. To conclude, some
related issues are raised for further consideration.Comment: 14 pages; revisions have been mad
A Quantitative Model of Energy Release and Heating by Time-dependent, Localized Reconnection in a Flare with a Thermal Loop-top X-ray Source
We present a quantitative model of the magnetic energy stored and then
released through magnetic reconnection for a flare on 26 Feb 2004. This flare,
well observed by RHESSI and TRACE, shows evidence of non-thermal electrons only
for a brief, early phase. Throughout the main period of energy release there is
a super-hot (T>30 MK) plasma emitting thermal bremsstrahlung atop the flare
loops. Our model describes the heating and compression of such a source by
localized, transient magnetic reconnection. It is a three-dimensional
generalization of the Petschek model whereby Alfven-speed retraction following
reconnection drives supersonic inflows parallel to the field lines, which form
shocks heating, compressing, and confining a loop-top plasma plug. The
confining inflows provide longer life than a freely-expanding or
conductively-cooling plasma of similar size and temperature. Superposition of
successive transient episodes of localized reconnection across a current sheet
produces an apparently persistent, localized source of high-temperature
emission. The temperature of the source decreases smoothly on a time scale
consistent with observations, far longer than the cooling time of a single
plug. Built from a disordered collection of small plugs, the source need not
have the coherent jet-like structure predicted by steady-state reconnection
models. This new model predicts temperatures and emission measure consistent
with the observations of 26 Feb 2004. Furthermore, the total energy released by
the flare is found to be roughly consistent with that predicted by the model.
Only a small fraction of the energy released appears in the super-hot source at
any one time, but roughly a quarter of the flare energy is thermalized by the
reconnection shocks over the course of the flare. All energy is presumed to
ultimately appear in the lower-temperature T<20 MK, post-flare loops
Non-perturbative effects and the resummed Higgs transverse momentum distribution at the LHC
We investigate the form of the non-perturbative parameterization in both the
impact parameter (b) space and transverse momentum (p_T) space resummation
formalisms for the transverse momentum distribution of single massive bosons
produced at hadron colliders. We propose to analyse data on Upsilon
hadroproduction as a means of studying the non-perturbative contribution in
processes with two gluons in the initial state. We also discuss the theoretical
errors on the resummed Higgs transverse momentum distribution at the LHC
arising from the non-perturbative contribution.Comment: 22 pages, 10 figure
Optimal surgical care for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: an international consensus
Purpose The surgical management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) has seen many developments in the last two decades. Little high-level evidence is available to support these changes and guide treatment. This study aimed to identify optimal operative care for adolescents with AIS curves between 40° and 90° Cobb angle. Methods From July 2012 to April 2013, the AOSpine Knowledge Forum Deformity performed a modified Delphi survey where current expert opinion from 48 experienced deformity surgeons, representing 29 diverse countries, was gathered. Four rounds were performed: three web-based surveys and a final face-to-face meeting. Consensus was achieved with â„70 % agreement. Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Results Consensus of what constitutes optimal care was reached on greater than 60 aspects including: preoperative radiographs; posterior as opposed to anterior (endoscopic) surgical approaches; use of intraoperative spinal cord monitoring; use of local autologous bone (not iliac crest) for grafts; use of thoracic and lumbar pedicle screws; use of titanium anchor points; implant density of <80 % for 40°â70° curves; and aspects of postoperative care. Variability in practice patterns was found where there was no consensus. In addition, there was consensus on what does not constitute optimal care, including: routine pre- and intraoperative traction; routine anterior release; use of bone morphogenetic proteins; and routine postoperative CT scanning. Conclusions International consensus was found on many aspects of what does and does not constitute optimal operative care for adolescents with AIS. In the absence of current high-level evidence, at present, these expert opinion findings will aid health care providers worldwide define appropriate care in their regions. Areas with no consensus provide excellent insight and priorities for future researchpublished_or_final_versio
Flux-rope twist in eruptive flares and CMEs : due to zipper and main-phase reconnection
Funding: UK Science and Technology Facilities CouncilThe nature of three-dimensional reconnection when a twisted flux tube erupts during an eruptive flare or coronal mass ejection is considered. The reconnection has two phases: first of all, 3D âzipper reconnectionâ propagates along the initial coronal arcade, parallel to the polarity inversion line (PIL); then subsequent quasi-2D âmain phase reconnectionâ in the low corona around a flux rope during its eruption produces coronal loops and chromospheric ribbons that propagate away from the PIL in a direction normal to it. One scenario starts with a sheared arcade: the zipper reconnection creates a twisted flux rope of roughly one turn (2Ï radians of twist), and then main phase reconnection builds up the bulk of the erupting flux rope with a relatively uniform twist of a few turns. A second scenario starts with a pre-existing flux rope under the arcade. Here the zipper phase can create a core with many turns that depend on the ratio of the magnetic fluxes in the newly formed flare ribbons and the new flux rope. Main phase reconnection then adds a layer of roughly uniform twist to the twisted central core. Both phases and scenarios are modeled in a simple way that assumes the initial magnetic flux is fragmented along the PIL. The model uses conservation of magnetic helicity and flux, together with equipartition of magnetic helicity, to deduce the twist of the erupting flux rope in terms the geometry of the initial configuration. Interplanetary observations show some flux ropes have a fairly uniform twist, which could be produced when the zipper phase and any pre-existing flux rope possess small or moderate twist (up to one or two turns). Other interplanetary flux ropes have highly twisted cores (up to five turns), which could be produced when there is a pre-existing flux rope and an active zipper phase that creates substantial extra twist.PostprintPublisher PDFPeer reviewe
Transverse Momentum Dependent Parton Distribution/Fragmentation Functions at an Electron-Ion Collider
We present a summary of a recent workshop held at Duke University on Partonic
Transverse Momentum in Hadrons: Quark Spin-Orbit Correlations and Quark-Gluon
Interactions. The transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions
(TMDs), parton-to-hadron fragmentation functions, and multi-parton correlation
functions, were discussed extensively at the Duke workshop. In this paper, we
summarize first the theoretical issues concerning the study of partonic
structure of hadrons at a future electron-ion collider (EIC) with emphasis on
the TMDs. We then present simulation results on experimental studies of TMDs
through measurements of single spin asymmetries (SSA) from semi-inclusive
deep-inelastic scattering (SIDIS) processes with an EIC, and discuss the
requirement of the detector for SIDIS measurements. The dynamics of parton
correlations in the nucleon is further explored via a study of SSA in D (`D)
production at large transverse momenta with the aim of accessing the unexplored
tri-gluon correlation functions. The workshop participants identified the SSA
measurements in SIDIS as a golden program to study TMDs in both the sea and
valence quark regions and to study the role of gluons, with the Sivers
asymmetry measurements as examples. Such measurements will lead to major
advancement in our understanding of TMDs in the valence quark region, and more
importantly also allow for the investigation of TMDs in the sea quark region
along with a study of their evolution.Comment: 44 pages 23 figures, summary of Duke EIC workshop on TMDs accepted by
EPJ
Weighted azimuthal asymmetries in a diquark spectator model
We analytically calculate weighted azimuthal asymmetries in semi-inclusive
lepton-nucleon deep-inelastic scattering and Drell-Yan processes, using
transverse-momentum-dependent partonic densities obtained in a diquark
spectator model. We compare the asymmetries with available preliminary
experimental data, in particular for the Collins and the Sivers effect. We make
predictions for other cases of interest in running and planned experiments.Comment: 21 pages, 13 (multiple) figures in eps format, RevTeX
Global QCD Analysis and the CTEQ Parton Distributions
The CTEQ program for the determination of parton distributions through a
global QCD analysis of data for various hard scattering processes is fully
described. A new set of distributions, CTEQ3, incorporating several new types
of data is reported and compared to the two previous sets of CTEQ
distributions. Comparison with current data is discussed in some detail. The
remaining uncertainties in the parton distributions and methods to further
reduce them are assessed. Comparisons with the results of other global analyses
are also presented.Comment: (Change in Latex style only: 2up style removed since many don't have
it.) 35 pages, 23 figures separately submitted as uuencoded compressed
ps-file; Michigan State Report # MSU-HEP/41024 and CTEQ 40
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